XRP is a digital asset designed for fast, low-cost global payments and serves as the native cryptocurrency of the XRP Ledger, a decentralized, open-source blockchain created by Jed McCaleb, Arthur Britto, and David Schwartz. As of January 2025, XRP is the third largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, after Bitcoin and Ethereum, according to CoinGecko.

What is XRP?

Launched in 2012 alongside the Ripple Network, XRP has a maximum supply of 100 million coins and reached its last all-time high of $3.40 on January 7, 2018.

Unlike Bitcoin, which acts as a decentralized store of value or digital gold, XRP was developed specifically to facilitate efficient cross-border transactions, particularly for financial institutions and payment providers.

While Ripple (originally Ripple Labs) leverages XRP in some of its payment solutions, and plays a key role in its ecosystem, the XRP Ledger operates independently as a decentralized semi-permissionless network of servers.

How does the XRP blockchain work?

While blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum use proof-of-work and proof-of-stake consensus algorithms, respectively, the XRP Ledger utilizes a unique consensus protocol called the Ripple Consensus Algorithm to validate transactions where independent validators agree on transactions.

The Ripple Consensus Algorithm ensures network agreement without proof-of-work or staking. Each node confirms transactions using a Unique Node List (UNL) of trusted validators. In rounds of consensus, nodes propose transaction sets, adjust them based on their UNL’s votes, and finalize those with at least 80% agreement. This prevents fraud while maintaining efficiency.

RPCA achieves Byzantine fault tolerance—resilience against faulty or malicious nodes attempting to disrupt consensus—while maintaining minimal latency, making it ideal for payments. It prevents forks by ensuring all honest nodes reach the same ledger state. With rapid consensus rounds and strict participation rules, XRP delivers a fast, secure, and cost-effective transaction system.

A brief history of XRP

• 2004 – Ryan Fugger develops secure payment service Ripplepay in 2004.
• 2011 – Jed McCaleb, Arthur Britto and David Schwartz began work on a new currency system inspired by Bitcoin.
• 2012 – Jed McCaleb, Chris Larsen merged their idea with Fugger leading to the creation of OpenCoin.
• 2013 – McCaleb leaves OpenCoin, and the company changes its name to Ripple Labs.
• 2014 – The first bank starts using it to transfer money.
• 2015 – Ripple Labs rebrands to Ripple.
• 2016 – Brad Garlinghouse becomes CEO of Ripple.
• 2017 – In December, XRP briefly becomes the world’s second largest cryptocurrency, with a value of $73 billion.
• 2020 – The XRPL Foundation is launched.
• 2020 – SEC vs Ripple: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charges Ripple with selling unregulated securities valued at $1.3 billion via XRP sales.
• 2023 – A federal judge rules that the XRP token is not a security, except in the case of sales to raise funds from institutions.
• 2025 – The SEC appeals the July 2023 ruling regarding XRP sales to retail investors.

The SEC vs Ripple

On December 22, 2020, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filed a lawsuit against Ripple Labs and two of its executives, alleging that they had raised over $1.3 billion through an unregistered securities offering by selling XRP.

In July 2023, a federal judge ruled that XRP was not a security when sold to the general public on digital-asset exchanges, though sales to institutional investors were deemed unregistered securities transactions.

“The SEC has not established that Ripple’s failure to register the institutional sales caused substantial losses (or the risk thereof) to investors,” U.S. District Judge Analisa Torres wrote at the time.

Following this, in August 2024, Ripple was ordered to pay a $125 million fine for violating investor protection laws, a significantly lower amount than the nearly $2 billion initially sought by the SEC.

“This is a victory for Ripple, the industry and the rule of law,” Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse tweeted at the time. “The SEC’s headwinds against the whole of the XRP community are gone.”

In October 2024, Ripple filed a cross-appeal in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, contesting several elements of the ruling in its battle with the SEC.

Despite the partial ruling in Ripple’s favor, in January 2025, the SEC formally moved forward with its appeal, contesting the 2023 ruling that had dismissed key claims against Ripple.

What makes XRP unique?

• 🏦 A service for banks – Ripple helps financial institutions move money quickly and cost-effectively as XRP through its Ripple Payments network.
• 💱 Bridges traditional banking and crypto – XRP acts as a bridge currency, facilitating the exchange between fiat currencies (e.g., USD, GBP) and cryptocurrencies.
• 💨 Fast transactions – XRP transactions settle in 3-5 seconds, significantly faster than Bitcoin’s ~10 minutes. The network can process 1,500 transactions per second (TPS), compared to Bitcoin’s 7 TPS and Ethereum’s 30 TPS.
• 💸 Low transaction costs – XRP transactions are much cheaper than traditional cross-border payment systems, making it an attractive option for financial institutions.
• ⚡ Energy efficient – Unlike Bitcoin, XRP does not rely on mining. Its consensus mechanism consumes far less energy, making it a more sustainable option.
• 🎯 Decentralized and peer-to-peer – While Ripple Labs plays a role in XRP’s development, transactions occur on an independent, decentralized network.
• 💎 Pre-mined – Unlike Bitcoin, which is mined over time, XRP was pre-mined at launch in 2012, with 100 billion XRP tokens created. Ripple Labs periodically releases XRP from escrow to fund operations and maintain liquidity.

How do you get hold of XRP?

To acquire and store XRP, there are several options, including hardware, software, and cryptocurrency exchanges.

For customers in the United States, cryptocurrency exchanges, including Coinbase, Binance.US, and Crypto.com, also offer buy, sell, and trade options for XRP respectively.

Hardware wallets like Ledger and Trezor and software wallets, including Trust Wallet,  Exodus,  Edge, and Atomic Wallet, support XRP along with a range of other cryptocurrencies.

What can you do with XRP?

While it’s not generally seen as a tool to buy goods and services like Bitcoin, and the number of companies that accept cryptocurrency fluctuates, there are merchants that accept XRP as a form of payment, including crypto-friendly travel website Travala, and VPN services NordVPN, and SurfShark.

The future of XRP

Since the SEC approved the first Bitcoin ETFs in early 2024, asset managers have been racing to expand crypto investment products, with XRP emerging as a contender in the push for regulated exchange-traded funds.

In October 2024, Bitwise Asset Management filed a registration statement with the SEC to launch the first spot XRP ETF, aiming to provide investors with direct exposure to the XRP token. Following Bitwise’s lead, 21Shares submitted an S-1 form to the SEC on November 1, 2024, proposing the 21Shares Core XRP Trust to track XRP’s price. Later that month, on November 25, 2024, asset manager WisdomTree filed for an XRP ETF in Delaware. In January 2025, NYSE Arca filed an application with the SEC to convert Grayscale’s XRP trust into an ETF.

In the run-up to Donald Trump’s January 2025 inauguration, seen by many as a major turning point for cryptocurrency in the United States, Ripple President Monica Long told Bloomberg that she expects an XRP ETF to be “coming soon.” Adding fuel to this speculation were images of Garlinghouse meeting with Trump in Washington, D.C., in January 2025.

This article was first published in 2019 and was updated in January 2025.

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